In fact, two prospective cohort studies in Swedish men (110)and women (111)reported that high-dose single nutrient supplements of vitamin C were associated with an increased risk of cataract, especially in those on corticosteroid therapy. Additional studies have reported that vitamin C enhances the chemotactic and microbial killing capacities of neutrophils and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes (reviewed in 18). (PubMed), 203. Basically, it's high Vitamin C doses, accompanied by high L-Lysine, L-Proline. Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as "vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C (see above). Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. As mentioned previously, the body produces collagen from lysine and proline. Sepsis and septic shockdefined as persistent sepsis-induced low blood pressureare associated with elevated mortality rates in critically ill patients (150, 151). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Sodium ascorbate provides 111 mg of sodium (889 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate generally provides 90 to 110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. Harris HR, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Retrospective in vitro colony formation assays revealed that patient leukemic cells displayed variable sensitivity to vitamin C treatment: leukemic cells from seven out of the nine patients who experienced a significant clinical benefit were sensitive to vitamin C in vitro (i.e., "responders"); the leukemic cells from the remaining six patients were not sensitive to vitamin C (i.e., "non-responders"). 17. (PubMed), 102. Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. Gillani SW, Sulaiman SAS, Abdul MIM, Baig MR. A 2013 systematic review identified 11 randomized controlled studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C on asthma (eight trials) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (three trials) (180). Effects of a novel ascorbate-based protocol on infarct size and ventricle function in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Biofactors. (PubMed), 191. Phagocytic leukocytes also produce and release cytokines, including interferons, which have antiviral activity (16). 2015;35:545-564. Int J Clin Pract. Vitamin C Foundation Approved Cardio-C (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific vitamin C and lysine. 10th ed. Vitamin C has been shown to increase interferon production in vitro(17). There is a need for better quality studies to examine the effect of vitamin C on cardiovascular endpoints in participants with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Such symptoms appear to be related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which all contain collagen. 2009;90(5):1252-1263. It is widely thought by the general public that vitamin C boosts immune function, yet human studies published to date are conflicting. 2014;13(4):280-300. Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). Pauling L. The immune system. The most recent large prospective cohort study found an inverse association between dietary vitamin C intake and CHD mortality in Japanese women, but not in men (48). Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Vitamin C also prevented the rise of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoresused to assess severity of illness and risk of mortalityobserved in placebo-treated patients (154). Linus Pauling Institute Ann Thorac Surg. No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. Redox Rep. 2016;21(2):75-83. 2011;63(10):3136-3141. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. (PubMed), 95. 2001;98(17):9842-9846. (PubMed), 101. Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Faseb J. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. 2012;64(2):245-254. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. (PubMed), 156. The dosage of vitamin C was set too low, at one tenth the dosage recommended by the Linus Pauling protocol, and lysine was not provided. (PubMed), 208. And the NCI couldn't afford to be seen as "kooky" or "fringy." Better to be just plain wrong. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth, among other pregnancy complications (90, 91), and is the primary cause of childhood respiratory illness (92). In parallel to these dietary assessment studies, a strong inverse association between plasma vitamin C and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease (and cancer in men only) was observed in the EPIC-Norfolk multicenter, prospective cohort study (128). Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (PubMed), 58. cholesterol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (PubMed), 139. The capacity of vitamin C to influence the methylation status of DNA and histones in mammalian cells supports a role for the vitamin in health and disease beyond what was previously understood, in particular by safeguarding genome integrity (3, 4). The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. The Physicians Health Study II was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effect of vitamin E (400 IU/day), vitamin C (500 mg/day), and a multivitamin supplement on the risk of cancer in 14,641 middle-aged male physicians over 10.3 years (7.6 years of active treatment plus 2.8 years post-treatment follow-up) (82). Adjuvant effect of vitamin C on omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Two large prospective cohort studies assessed the relationship between dietary and supplemental vitamin C intakes and mortality. Int J Cancer. Arthritis Rheum. Sensitivity to vitamin C may also be determined by the expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2), which transports vitamin C into cells (173). Micronutrient intake in relation to all-cause mortality in a prospective Danish cohort. 2010;19(5):360-365. 2013;13:52. (PubMed), 113. 2013(10):Cd010391. (PubMed), 45. Information regarding vitamin C and the prevention of chronic disease is based on both observational prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(29, 37). The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food . (PubMed), 129. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Mechanisms underlying the action of vitamin C in viral and immunodeficiency disease. (PubMed), 153. Related to this oxidation-reduction (redox) potential, two major functions of vitamin C are as an antioxidant and as an enzyme cofactor(1). Of note, a subgroup analysis in one of the meta-analyses showed a reduction of post-operative atrial fibrillation with vitamin C in non US-based trials (10 trials) but no effect of vitamin C in US-based trials (5 trials) (140). Am J Clin Nutr. (PubMed), 78. PHS II found that vitamin C supplementation (500 mg/day) for an average of eight years had no significant effect on major cardiovascular events, total myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular mortality (53). Accessed 7/2/18. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. He received these awards for chemistry in 1954 and for peace in 1962. . Scurvy is rare in developed countries because it can be prevented by as little as 10 mg of vitamin C daily (32). (PubMed), 86. Frei B, Birlouez-Aragon I, Lykkesfeldt J. The other trial randomized subjects diagnosed with infection-related asthma to receive 5 g/day of vitamin C or a placebo for one week; a lower proportion of participants was found to present with bronchial hypersensitivity to histaminewhich characterizes chronic asthmain the vitamin C group compared to the control group (reviewed in 179). Large doses of vitamin C may block the action of warfarin and thus lower its effectiveness. 2008;66(5):237-249. Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. Additionally, work by Linus Pauling Institute investigators has shown that cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age, supporting the notion that vitamin C requirements are increased in the elderly. Each of the cohort studies used self-administered food frequency questionnaires at baseline to assess vitamin C intake. Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. 2013;8(2):e56803. A 2012 meta-analysis of 29 trials found no effect of oral vitamin C, given alone or in combination with other antioxidants, on all-cause mortality (127). Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial. 2016;9:25-30. Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, Dragsted LO, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Micronutrient intake and risk of urothelial carcinoma in a prospective Danish cohort. 2017;13(3):558-567. 2009;20(4):863-871. Pauling recommended 3 g each of vitamin C and lysine daily as a preventive measure. Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. 2010;51(6):963-964. 2011;40(6):483-500. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. More recent prospective cohort studies have reported no association between dietary and/or supplemental vitamin C intake and breast cancer (67-69). Improved endothelial function was observed with daily vitamin C doses above 500 mg (39). (PubMed), 47. Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, et al. (PubMed), 172. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. 2017;37:58-64. Montvale: Thomson Reuters; 2008. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) study. I use it myself. Am J Clin Nutr. Front Physiol. In spite of the variable association depending on source, these analyses indicate an overall inverse association between higher vitamin C intakes and CHD risk. 2018;24(4):248-255. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). (PubMed), 186. Cell Death Dis. (PubMed), 111. Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. Pal J, Sanal MG, Gopal GJ. (PubMed), 37. 2018;20(2):145-166. Lassnigg A, Punz A, Barker R, et al. (PubMed), 193. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). Disparate results are likely due to study design issues, often linked to a lack of understanding of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and requirements (19, 20). 2008;300(18):2123-2133. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. (PubMed), 199. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Carr AC, Cook J. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Traber MG, Frei B. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. The mechanism(s) by which vitamin C reduces blood lead concentration is not known, yet it has been proposed that vitamin C could inhibit intestinal absorption (184)or enhance urinary excretion of lead (185). (PubMed), 99. 2008;19(11):1969-1974. 2014;53(5):1255-1262. In some patients, vitamin C dosages may rise as high as 18 grams per day (Linus Pauling's daily dosage), and at high levels, the mineral dosages could cause problems/imbalances. Pravda J. Metabolic theory of septic shock. New York: Plenum Press; 1996:215-231. Block G, Jensen CD, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Crawford PB. (PubMed), 77. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). 1994;151(4):834-837. (PubMed), 60. Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, Miller ER, 3rd. After 14 years of follow-up, it was found that men who consumed 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C had a 41% higher risk of kidney stones compared to men consuming <90 mg of vitamin C daily. Diabet Med. 2009;46(11):1558. Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). 178.
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