There is a distorted perception regarding events or the consequences of previous negative feelings, which would turn into a behavior. Ill start a diet tomorrow.. this chapter. If youre struggling with this problem yourself or are worried about someone who might be using rationalization as a coping strategy too often, consider seeking out help. In psychotherapy, a defense mechanism is a coping strategy. This means to explain something without needing evidence for it. On the other hand, avoiding all people outside the immediate family is positively associated with being sad, afraid, stressed and guilty. This defense mechanism can be very harmful because it can prevent us from getting the help we need and dealing with our problems head-on. Take a shower on a hot day to remove the bad smell and yucky feeling. The process could be summarized as a projection into the linear fit space, where we consider and arrange all parameters based on the smooth vector as [31] Correlations across errors terms in different equations are, Cov(n, m) = nm. List some negitive consequences of rationalization in the following areas,school home and work Expert Answer Legitimization is an endeavor to sensibly legitimize improper, degenerate, or by and large unsatisfactory conduct. Our findings of behaviors such as limiting exercise at home, or even limiting outdoor activities are expected to be associated with those negative emotions, which result in magnifying or distorting the meaning of the threat. It can lead to negative emotions, increase the likelihood of failure, makes it harder for us to admit fault when necessary, and leaves people feeling like they have no control over their own life. At the same time, they are more afraid of COVID-19 compared with other lower educated individuals. However, behaviors such as avoiding a large group of people was found to reduce the associated negative feelings. Another example could be McUniversities, which features modularized curricula, delivering degrees in a fast-track pick-and-mix fashion to satisfy all tastes. One of the biggest negative effects is that students who are retained are more likely to drop out of school eventually. With the rise of predictability, the third component, all consumers can predict receiving the same service and the same product every time they interact with the McDonaldized organization. Arash Dehzangi, Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The take-away could be linked to the previous study [49], where a contrast was made between physical distancing and social distancing during COVID-19. In addition, only specific locations with unique demographic characteristics, e.g., location, weather, climate, were incorporated. It was explained that these negative emotions are associated with decreased levels of physical activity during the pandemic [25]. You dont have to go through this process alone. In general, the role of emotions in students learning and academic achievement has received increasing attention in recent years [10]. This will also make any issues harder than ever before since there has already been some time pass which means that resolving them now will take longer compared to if they were still fresh in your mind without too much wear & tear time due to repeated use of this defense mechanism. If youre not able to admit fault when its appropriate, this will lead to many problems in your life that are difficult or impossible to resolve. So, if we want to estimate s we multiply z by u, and regress against x* for estimation of . This type of encouragement helps people to feel loved and supported while continuing on their journey towards lasting sobriety. The results highlighted that there are negative associations between general health and being afraid, feelings of sadness, being irritable and stressed due to COVID-19. Some of the main causes of irritably has been discussed as feeling pressured, waiting and being uncertain about the future or an answer to the problem at hand [18]. It was found that higher degree of irritability is associated with higher BMI among students. The impact of family income might be due to a justifiable sense of security, which helps students to handle the negative feelings of pandemic in a more reasonable way. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245327, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. When you compare yourself to others publicly or put them down privately, you can feel better about your own lives. So cubic spline will be written as a linear combination of those basis function. To highlight the positive, negative or no associations in Fig 1, +, -and are incorporated on the arrows to highlight associations with different signs. Despite significant efforts in studying various aspects of COVID-19, there is a dearth of evidence on how negative emotions are associated with behaviors. As previously mentioned, people who are cyberbullied are twice as likely to experience suicidal thoughts, actions, or behaviors and engage in self-harm as those who are not. THIS CHAPTER: - process of rationalization in society. The negative emotion states were four items of those, where each item was dedicated to each of the negative emotions. In addition, a longer irritability was reported for women compared with men [18].Higher education. McDonaldization is a concept developed by American sociologist George Ritzer which refers to the particular kind of rationalization of production, work, and consumption that rose to prominence in the late twentieth century. The process is summarized as going through the projection, while considering all parameters based on the current smooth parameter, and then non-projection process by considering the original values, while fitting a univariate smooth function. Negative Reinforcement: The act of removing an unpleasant stimulus with the aim of increasing desired behavior. Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which people justify difficult or unacceptable feelings with seemingly logical reasons and explanations. Protests have also been arising in nation-states to protect localized economies and traditional values. Having an infected individual in the family increases negative feelings, except for feeling guilty. It is also not an exact science. Defense mechanisms can be either healthy or unhealthy. The next section discusses various precautionary actions including rational or irrational. More policies and educational programs are needed to help students to adopt the right approach by increasing their awareness, by helping them to focus on active problem solving, and practicing mindfulness. Improve your emotional wellbeing whenever and wherever you want. This study is also going to conduct an evaluation of the associations between various emotions that students might experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and other student characteristics and behavioral actions. The results found that avoiding recreational travel is positively associated with higher levels of sadness, being afraid, being stressed, while it is negatively associated with feelings of irritability. It has been highlighted that individuals under various negative emotions, e.g., anxiety, systematically distort the meaning of events so they interpreted their experiences about an event in a negative and self-defeating way [7]. Depression, Anxiety, Stress or something else - we are here to help! The McDonaldization Theory of George Ritzer. Stress created social and psychological problems for the educator, his/her immediate environment. The question was based on self-rated general health [28]. Then, consistently z will be multiplied, and later be back transformed by u, and regressed against x*, or the transformed explanatory variables. For creating the smooth parameters, values closer to the mean of the parameter are used and repetitive and further values from the mean ignored. Correlation was obtained from variance covariance matrices, where that metric itself, was obtained by inverting the working weights, see Table 3. Feeling of fear occurs when one is in danger, and it controls defensive response to threats [13]. Educators alter the curriculum to "match the [standardized] test" ("How Standardized"). Sadness in literature has been mainly looked at from a depression perspective and anxiety. You also wont be able to learn from past mistakes and continue on the right path going forward if you refuse to acknowledge what went wrong before so you can move beyond them and make better decisions for yourself moving forward. We had different emotions that the respondents experienced due to COVID-19 where all of those emotions were considered. This type of encouragement helps people to feel loved and supported while continuing on their journey towards lasting. Also, while thinking is expected to keep the individuals safe from possible harm, they could be a sign of clinical anxiety [39]. Here the irritability has the highest impact, which is in line with the previous reported findings [34]. Finally, it is important to note that models are considered to account for associations, and not causations across various considered models. These strategies may have been useful for our ancestors, but today we generally see them as problematic because many of these behaviors involve denying reality or truth instead of finding healthier ways to cope with emotional pain. 6 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. disenchantment of the world. 4 On the other hand, irritability could be defined as conceptualized anger associated with other negative emotions, which could occur with minimum provocation [15]. Here are some steps you can take: The first thing one should do is examine your feelings. It can be very harmful because it prevents you from developing empathy and understanding for others. That way, our hypothesis regarding impaired emotions of students could have been confirmed. Alarmed by declining enrolment in government schools and potentially adverse academic, administrative and fiscal consequences associated with it, policy makers in India have initiated experimenting with closure of government schools with low enrolments ('small' schools), an exercise commonly referred to as 'school rationalisation'. In the data analysis, these negative emotions including being sad, afraid, irritable, stressed and guilty, with similar scale were used. Also, prevalence of negative emotions may turn into chronic stress or other disorders such as depression or anxiety. We have "struggling students," "students who suffer from trauma," "gifted students," and "special education students.". Especially we found that there is a positive association between limiting exercise at home and feeling guilty. 1 The public health authorities limited activities such as recreational traveling due to an increase in the spread of the disease. Emotions are deep-rooted in every aspect of human beings lives. The surveys were distributed across 14,174 students enrolled in seven U.S. universities, including Arizona State University in Tempe, Clemson University in Clemson, North Carolina State University in Raleigh, Oregon State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Montana, and University of Utah. Irrational behaviors, such as limiting exercise at home due to COVID-19 could be due to experiencing negative emotions, which distort the meaning of events for the students. So, at each IRLS iteration we fit the additive model to the pseudo-response z against x and the working weights. As a response, the process of de-Mcdonaldization offers alternatives to this model of production and organization. Considering students life which can always challenge their mental well-being, studies showed that the pandemic has indeed disrupted students lives and created sense of uncertainty and stress with unfavorable effects on their learning and mental well-being [25]. Their tasks are highly repetitive, highly routine, and predictable. Rational systems inevitably spawn irrationalities that limit, eventually compromise, and perhaps even undermine their rationality. Farzaneh Saadati, Affiliation: For instance, while there is a positive association between feeling stressed and avoiding outside immediate family, that association is not significant for feeling irritable. It is expected that various irrational behaviors associated with COVI-19 are caused by lack of understanding about the pandemic and the impact of related negative emotions. In another question, the respondents were asked to rate the question of I spend a lot of time thinking about COVID-19 from 1 (strongly disagree)-7 (strongly disagree). Feeling of guilt could be defined as a function of monitoring ones own behaviors in relation to others [45]. There was no gender difference in the teachers'abilities to cope with stress Similarly, limiting socializing with close friends was found to be associated with various negative emotions. In terms of precautionary behaviors, we incorporated two types of behaviors, rational and irrational. These negative emotions for each survey item were recognized during the development of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) [27]. McDonaldization as described by Ritzer is a reconceptualization of rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific management. List some negative consequences of rationalization in the following areas: school, home, work, and relationships. Here feeling sad might be related to feeling empathy for a friend or family member. As local school districts join a nationwide lawsuit against some of the largest social media companies, the educational leaders aim to bring awareness to the negative effects these apps and A deeper understanding regarding behavioral characteristics being associated with various negative emotions during a life-changing COVID-19 pandemic could be a useful insight. This type of rationalization involves feeling morally superior to others as a way of making feel better about yourself. As Ritzer said, Irrationality means that rational systems are unreasonable systems. - role of work and occupations in society & how they are becoming increasingly rationalized. They also feel more responsible which might be reflected in higher feeling of guilt. Researchers who worked with students also pay more attention about the relationship between anxiety and final school tests [10]. A research study published in the journal Applied Ergonomics reveals that rationalisation measures often have a major negative impact on both the physical and psychosocial work environment.. Parental involvement as well as initiatives increasing community-school partnerships have been found to improve student attendance, academic achievement, and behavior [12]. As such, this study gives a panoramic vision about the mental well-being of students and their causes, which can help educators, university and health authorities to assist the vulnerable and affected groups of students during the post-pandemic. While, checking the convergence, we back transform z and check it against the response. The results highlighted that a higher family income reduce feeling afraid, irritable, and stressed. That is an overreaction of people to unprecedented stressor or life events. When youre engaging in rationalization, it means theres an underlying issue bothering you. Timely clarification of a possible misconception by the media, and surveillance of students emotions and behaviors are recommended at the time of a pandemic, or any unprecedented events so appropriate actions could be made. In general, the present study brings us some important information about the various students emotions and their relationship with other factors. Besides the common negative emotions that the pandemic is expected to impose on the well-being of people, it is also expected to impose some negative impacts that are not related to the containment of virus. Junk-journalism, defined here as inoffensive and trivial news served up in palatable portions, is an example of Mcdonaldization. The findings could be summarised as follows: The majority of teachers felt strongly that rationalization and redeployment led to stress. Its a way of hiding our true selves from the world and can be very harmful because it keeps us from developing authentic relationships. Legal. Copyright: 2022 Rezapour et al. It should be reiterated that higher education was considered only from undergraduate to graduate studies. It doesn't really . The results found that belief in avoiding a large group of people, besides its importance in tackling the spread of the virus, is negatively associated with feelings of guilt and feeling irritable. The '80s thriller demonised women seen as a 'threat' to the nuclear family - and gave rise to a particularly harmful phrase. Various questions were used in the survey which are mostly self-explanatory and presented in Table 1. This type of rationalization defense mechanism involves comparing yourself to other people whom you believe have it much worse than you do. Students who have these disorders are at risk of suffering from poor academic performance and resistance to anything school-related. Despite the limitations, we were able to highlight the associations between various variables and negative emotions, especially during life-changing pandemic of COVID-19. Under control, the fourth component, employees become standardized and replaced by non-human technologies. Most teachers reported that they were not coping with the stress associated with rationalization and redeployment as they created serious psychological and social problems. And if there is an honor code transgression, the council gathers to discuss possible consequences. Results of the SUR for associations between emotions and other factors in a unified model. The negative association between anger/irritability and travel might be provoked by attack or danger [50], so by avoiding traveling, students might feel less exposed to the threat and consequently feel less irritable. In general, it seems that more educated people take the pandemic more seriously than lower educated individuals, which is highlighted by feeling more afraid. Workers in these organizations are judged by how fast they accomplish tasks instead of the quality of work they do. Citation: Rezapour M, Dehzangi A, Saadati F (2022) Students negative emotions and their rational and irrational behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak. This also applies to the workers in those organizations. For instance, the differences in gender, in terms of stress and fear are investigated in the past studies [32]. Its important to be aware of them so that one can identify when theyre using them and take steps to stop. Our associated results of lower irritability and higher education are in line with the previous study, which showed that higher educational level can reduce negative emotions, compared with their lower educated counterpart [43]. First, we estimate the linear parts and the non-linear part of the component function, RHS of Eq 2, or Eqs 6 and 7. The findings were not achievable in case of investigating the emotion individually, and implementation of a unified model was needed to obtain those findings. The pandemic has posed an intense threat to the mental health of younger adults. So, it is expected that limiting exercise at home, might work as a means of self-punishment or posing a self-suffering to share with other victims, suffering from the pandemic [47]. Ritzer also outlines irrationality of rationality as a fifth aspect of McDonaldization. For example, a student who is rejected from her. The choices we make are aided by emotions, where emotions, themselves, are elicited during considering various alternatives as being disadvantages or advantages (cost-benefit analysis) [42]. Although the actions of traveling seem to be strongly against social distancing, many outdoor activities are less involved with interacting with other people. The public response to the pandemic is not always aligned with science, so more educational programs and research are needed to educate students on the consequences of being infected. For future direction of research, more investigations such as in-person interviews can be considered to highlight the justification behind taking unnecessary precautionary behaviors, e.g., limited exercise at home. The objective function of the model could be written as a minimizer of the objective function as: Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. [4] The founders of sociology had critical reaction to rationalization: The link between BMI and irritability was evaluated in previous study [36]. of McDonaldization. This relates to the idea of availability versus variety you can get a lot of one thing, but not necessarily the thing you want. Although working out at home seems to pose no danger of being infected, it was found that still students with higher amounts of guilt, are likelier to skip working out at home. 7 That is in line with the previous study, which found an association between feelings of fear and sadness in the lives of adolescents [41]. Redeployment and rationalisation had serious negative consequences on learners. In this light, it is important to improve our understanding about the negative emotions and their relationships with students behavior in order to get prepared for helping students in the post-pandemic era. That could be done by providing an appropriate source of income through part-time careers. As the results of the survey were collected in spring 2020 when the first and most severe real lockdown occurred in the U.S., it is not practical to recollect the data to incorporate more observations. Where Max Weber used the model of the bureaucracy to represent the direction of this changing society, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as having become a more representative contemporary paradigm in contemporary societies. If youre having trouble recognizing when youre using rationalization, ask a friend or family member to help you out. It is in line with a previous study, which investigated the relationship between fear and stress on the immigrant family [40]. 4- Discuss the issue of deadlines as they apply to any area of your life. Sadness was discussed as universal and an inevitable aspect of human beings, which might be a response to the death of a loved one [11]. The basic idea is that these elements have been adapted based on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant . While less attention is paid to the effects of a wider range of negative emotions such as sadness, grief, boredom and anger in students lives and their behaviors. This can be considered an example of how Western culture, focused on efficiency of transfer of knowledge, has spread around the rest of the world. This type of encouragement helps people to feel loved and supported while continuing on their journey towards lasting sobriety. A comparison across associated factors to different negative emotions by means of a unified model is especially missing from the literature. Respondents highest level of education was discovered by asking the students whether they are graduate or undergraduate students. Where Max Weber used the model of the bureaucracy to represent the direction of this changing society, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as having become a more representative contemporary paradigm. In this blog post, we will discuss all rationalization defense mechanism. How do you react to deadline pressures? The correlation between feeling sad and afraid due to COVID-19 was found to be 0.41. People who exhibit a lot of primitive defenses tend to struggle with anxiety, anger management issues, depression, and other mental health problems such as addiction. This article will . Iron Cage 2022-11-16 . The results highlight the variation across various negative emotions in response to avoiding travel. People who use mature defenses generally have better mental health and fewer psychological problems. As a response, the process of de-Mcdonaldization offers alternatives to this model of production and organization. The above discussion could be linked to the RHS of Eq 2 where we have both the original dataset and the projected values, look at the RHS of Eq 2. Study hard for an exam to avoid a low grade. People may find that they need additional support from their friends and family during this time. On the other hand, feeling irritable might be due to the sense of duty to do something about the problem by assisting society in some way. This is by diminishing their valuebut only temporarily. If you try to pretend everything is fine by using rationalization as a coping strategy, it wont last for very long before the negativity builds up again resulting in more intense reactions with even bigger consequences later on down the road. Sociologist George Ritzer theorizes McDonaldization as a contemporary form of rationalization. It comes from the late 1800s verb rationalize,. For instance, the negative impact of social distancing in terms of anxiety [4], stress and anxiety due to the pandemic [5], and emotional intelligence across front-line nurses [6] were evaluated and reported by different groups. Finally, our results highlighted that while there are mainly similarities across various emotions in terms of signs, they are different in terms of magnitudes and signs for other predictors. Rationalization often makes you feel better in the moment, but it can have some negative consequences in the long run. The correlation across the models error terms of stress and afraid was found to be 0.47. However, those activities tend to work as means of stress relief. Through assignments, class exercises, and films, students contextualize modernity and its unintended negative consequences by viewing McDonaldization though the lenses of work and jobs. Now as a TV remake begins, not much has changed, writes Leila Latif . The first one, efficiency, is the optimal method for accomplishing a task. Question 10 Actions that have negative consequences for the social system: Select one: a. dysfunctions b. functions c. latent function d. errors Question 11 Sociologist who distinguished between societies based on mechanical and organic social solidarity: Select one: a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber a. Emile Durkheim Some of these include: When you use this type of coping strategy, you feel like you have some sense of control over the situation and your emotions even if what youre doing isnt really solving anything. Having an infected person in the community along with past experiences with similar situations, might steer individuals to different decision-making processes [51]. It should be noted compared with the previous study which used the similar dataset [26], we employed a unified technique to account for all types of negative emotions, instead of focusing on a single one. By knowing the linear part of the additive model, the partial residual could be solved for estimation of the smooth function. Bureaucracy illustration | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Punishment, like reinforcement, can be positive or . We can also consider the kinds of argument or rationalization that we often encounter in values conflicts.
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