The truth is, just as populations in the United States ebb and flow, the salience of racial and ethnic identities emerges and disappears. Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. (eds.) Group Process. Acad. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. It remained consistently high over time. 13. ed. (2002). The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. Crano, W. D. (2001). Soc. An important feature of this procedure is that participants actively experienced their social position within the interacting group. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. Tindale, R. S., Nadler, J., Krebel, A., and Davis, J. H. (2004). One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. The social impact of majorities and minorities. WebContends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Worse, we now talk about cross-racial fertility rates Darwinistically, as if the census were monitoring a population of elephant seals in competition for a rookery. Papastamou, S., Gardikiotis, A., and Prodromitis, G. Tindale, R. S., Talbot, M., and Martinez, R. (2013). In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. Soc. Soc. Such support transforms what initially is typically construed as a minoritys subjective proposition into an objectively correct position synonymous with reality (Hardin and Higgins, 1996; Echterhoff and Higgins, 2017). Soc. Erb, H-P., and Bohner, G. (2001). The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms of minority influence. 115, 323345. His American nationalism was defiantly civic rather than only ethnic or racial in nature. Front. When successful, these minorities redefine what is acceptable within groups boundaries. Bull. The motives of a minority, as perceived by other individuals, can also affect the influence it is able to exert on the majority. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 149202. In the group, confederates were instructed to misidentify the slides as being green, contrary to participants own observations. Within this context, evidence exists J. Pers. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. Crano, W. D. (2010). Jetten, J., and Hornsey, M. J. This private conversion may cautiously be communicated to others, thus, gradually becoming public. Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. Am. What are self-affirmations and how can they be used to ward off cognitive dissonance? They exist in research on minority influence, too. Prez, J. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more 2. eds. Conversion and tolerance are fundamentally distinct paths to social change with different consequences for group dynamics (Prislin et al., 2018). At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. One should never waste a good crisis. 22, 177189. 1, 195228. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12072. doi: 10.1037/amp0000844. WebThe study of minority influence has advanced considerably since the late 1960s when Moscovici's pioneering efforts brought the minority's role in the process of persuasion In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. Number of studies on minority influence per decade. This idea invigorated research doi: 10.1037/a0016169, Prislin, R., Limbert, W. M., and Bauer, E. (2000). Pers. But there also are examples of numerical, non-normative minorities who, while resisting influence from the majority, do not seek social change (e.g., Mennonites in several countries in North and South America). According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. Because of the vital role social support plays in sustaining any argued position (Prislin and Wood, 2005), gaining social support by virtue of social change (minority majority) should increase a successful minoritys capacity to continue to advocate their position. How is that private change communicated over time? Rather, I am arguing that we should place far less stock in the importance of the results to the future of our country. Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. The many advantages associated with majority positions, along with the many disadvantages associated with minority positions (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Prislin and Christensen, 2005a), fuel minorities attempts at social change. An earlier analysis of this index has identified 238 unique empirical studies on minority influence published between 1960, when the foundational research on minority influence first appeared, and December 2011 (see Prislin et al., 2017). Sign Up. Majority versus minority influence, message processing, and attitude change: The source-context-elaboration model, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Group Processes. Moscovici, S., and Prez, J. Abrams, D., and Hogg, M. A. London: Academic Press. Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. The many reasons behind minorities pursuit of social change could be broadly recognized as seeking social validation, social control, or social acceptance. doi: 10.1177/1368430210395636. Psychol. The field took notice. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less Minority influence in political decision-making, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Bull. The former two motives can be satisfied by recruiting converts to the minority position. J. Exp. New York: Psychology Press. 53, 4152. So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23. Learn to read and understand body signals and improve your own body language. This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. 14. ed. At the same time, their behavior style invites an attributional analysis that forces a majority to consider the merits of the minoritys non-normative position. Social influence can occur when a minority (small group) changes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of a majority; this is known as minority influence. She suggests that the result of minority influence, when compared to majority influence, is that the former nurtures divergent thinking, whereas compliance with the demands of the majority reduces differences in opinion amongst a groups members (Nemeth, 1986). Also, it has informed efforts to address such important issues as jury deliberations (Nemeth, 1981), minority victimization (Moscovici and Prez, 2007), terrorism (Chen and Kruglanski, 2009), educational reform (Butera et al., 2021), climate change (Bolderdijk and Jans, 2021), and dietary practices (De Groeve and Rosenfeld, 2022). Jung, J., Bramson, A., Crano, W. D., Page, S. E., and Miller, J. H. (2021). In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. A) public compliance B) obedience to authority C) ideomotor action D) informational social influence Correct Answer: Access For Free Review Later The model postulates that the many comparative advantages of the majority position over the minority position generally result in the former being preferred over the later. Rev. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. c. public compliance. In other words, the outcomes of social influence attempts aimed at effecting versus preventing social change should have reciprocal effects on the sources of social influence (Hypothesis 2, see below Agenda item 2). (2017). Importantly, most of these studies were conducted within the information processing (persuasion) framework, elucidating cognitive responses to a minority (vs. majority) advocacy and eventual attitudinal changes on the objects of advocacy (e.g., Mackie, 1987; Baker and Petty, 1994; Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). Vol. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Erlbaum), 193219. Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. For example, at what point in time do minorities voice their non-normative opinions? eds. Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). Indeed, the results revealed a significant linear increase in positive reactions toward the group over time. Eur. 16, 4373. These patterns of socially regulated persuasiveness were documented by coding video-taped sources verbal advocacy (Study 1) and by coding their written advocacy as well as an independent audiences reactions to their written advocacy (Study 2). Bull. Likely responding to the disciplinary cognitive Zeitgeist, Moscovici himself replaced his initial rich theorizing about the social underpinnings of minority influence in a pursuit of social change with a theorizing that emphasized cognitive factors. Pers. In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. 117, 497529. For example, employees at a factory which uses dated practises to produce its wares may be reluctant to change their habits. Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. One obvious example are elites, though, it could be argued that they represent numerical minorities but not necessarily non-normative minorities. (2011). Influence and its aftermath: Motives for agreement among minorities and majorities, in Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. Bulletin Swisse des Psychologues 7, 36. Prislin, R., Crowder, M., and Donnelly, K. (2017). Brewer and M. Hewstone (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 136164. (1990). Butera, F., Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Mugny, G., and Quimzdale, A. Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. 15, 323355. Psychol. Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). A history of social influence research, in The Handbook of the History of Social Psychology. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. J. Pers. A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). Mugny, G., and Prez, J. eds. For example, the dynamic social impact model posits the strength, immediacy, and the number of sources of influence as three critical factors (Latan, 1996). 5. When accompanied with a sense of group efficacy, they fuel social actions aimed as social change that will improve minority (disadvantaged) groups conditions (for review, see van Zomeren, 2015, see also Klandermans, 1997). What kind of social influence can. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). Rev. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. Since then, for a certain subset of Americans, each annual release by the bureau neutral, nonpartisan researchers who produce deliberately staid reports has become a sort of countdown to the white apocalypse. In the process, they influence and are influenced, adjust their influence strategies and responses, form and dissolve alliances. WebThis article attempts to highlight the Uzbek-Afghan cooperation, consistently reveals a retrospective of the issue, but the main focus is on the deve- lopment of relations between states after 1992, when diplomatic relations were In the immediate aftermath of social change, the new majority showed little attachment to the groupa finding consistent with previous studies (Prislin et al., 2000, 2002; Prislin and Christensen, 2002, 2005b). This state of affairs is rather paradoxical given Moscovicis original theorizing and ultimately, most minorities goals. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. They do so for a variety of reasons, which fuel their influence efforts and shape their influence strategies. For all their valuable insights into an individuals cognitive responses to a minority advocacy, these approaches are not very informative about the role of minority influence in instigating social change. eds. (eds.) 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. ed. The civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950s and 60s used minority influence to gain support for the equal rights of citizens, irrespective of race. J. Soc. Vol. Social influence, conformity bias, and the study of active minorities, in Advances in Experimental social Psychology. Social influence exerted by minorities motivated by social control may differ from social influence exerted by their validation-motivated and acceptance-motivated counterparts. she will become even more committed to Romeo. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. Instead, minority views tend to be adopted when they exert informative influence:the unusual nature or novelty of the minoritys argument means that other members of a group pay close attention to it. And in subsequent decades, the United States admitted millions of Italians, Jews and other ethnicities, with their foreign languages, religions and complexions. A look at common defense mechanisms we employ to protect the ego. What can a person's eyes tell you about what they are thinking? This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. The effects of this social change on the new majoritys reactions toward the group in which they prevailed were assessed immediately after the change, and one-, two-, three-, four- and five-weeks after the change. Social influence model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). Indeed, it is part of the social psychology canon as evident by its coverage in nearly all social psychology textbooks, handbooks (e.g., Nemeth, 2012; Butera et al., 2017), and encyclopedias (e.g., Crano, 2010). Aust. The daunting complexity of the social influence dynamics is challenging to capture in a formal model, much less empirical research. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01091.x. Measure your stress levels with this 5-minute stress test. How do they shape their influence strategies over time? During the 1910s, the suffragette movement challenged the status quo, which restricted the right to vote to male citizens. (2012). Social influence can take numerous forms. All this testifies to the maturity of research on minority influence. Psychol. 95, 189225. Br. 4. As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). Nemeth, C. J. The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. The longer the new majority spent secure in its new position, the more similar they perceived themselves to the group and the more attractive they found the group. eds. On being influenced while trying to persuade: The feedback effect of persuasion outcomes to the persuader. Creative problem-solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence. Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. Hence, changes away from the preferred majority position presumably are experienced as losses, with changes away from the minority position presumably experienced as gains. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique. Psychol. 32, 459479. Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. Prislin, R. (2010). Clark, R. D. and Maas, A. Conversion vs. tolerance: minority-focused influence strategies can affect group loyalty. Minorities who accept rather than challenge the status quo, so long as they themselves are not challenged, are a minority within the minority world. Research on group-decision making has elucidated the probability of any one faction prevailing as a function of types of decision tasks (Laughlin and Ellis, 1986), and shared cognitions and motivations (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Tindale et al., 2013), especially in the context of jury decision-making (Tindale et al., 2004), and organizational decision-making (De Dreu and West, 2001). Minority influence and political interest groups, in The Social Psychology of Politics. Psychol. Members begin to question the validity of their existing views, and whether the minority view is in fact a more informed opinion than that held by the majority. 97, 811822. S. Moscovici, A. Muchi-Faina, and A. Maas (Chicago: Nelson-Hall), 233251. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. In these lines of research, group-level outcomes (e.g., consensual decisions, problem solving) are of focal interest, with minority influence being one of the multitude of processes underlying such outcomes. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. In a 1969 study, participants were presented with a number of slides, and were asked to identify the color shown in each slide in the company of other participants. Terrorism as a tactic of minority influence, in Coping With Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: The suffragette movement, which sought to gain the right to vote for women in the UK in the early 20th Century. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. Minority influence affects group members differently. Psychol. (1998). How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. The status quo in these arenas is first broken by the rebellious few. van Zomeren, M. (2015). The number of members within a group expressing a minority opinion also affects the level of influence that they are able to exert on the remaining members. How can the colors around us affect our mood? doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. Whereas numerous other factors may be proposed, they likely covary with the included factors of time, competitive influence dynamics, and motivation. Dr. Gest is a political scientist who studies and writes about immigration, nativism and demographic change. Apparently, a hard-earned social capital in the form of former opponents support paid high dividends as successful minorities became increasingly efficient in their advocacy. This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. In order to change the majorities view the minority has to propose a clear position and has to defend and advocate its position consistently. Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. eds. (1981). People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. Here are some tips. Issues Policy Rev. Psychol. This shows that a consistent minority is 6.95% more effective than an inconsistent minority and that consistency is an important factor in minority influence. Note: It is important to note that consistency and commitment are linked. If a minority is consistent in their view then they also are showing commitment to their cause. J. Soc. With much of the competition between the races reducing itself to the warfare of the cradle, he wrote in 1894, no race has any chance to win a great place unless it consists of good breeders as well as of good fighters.. eds. (eds.) A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. Yet, no amount of normative or pragmatic pressure can extinguish minorities. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shafer, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 507533. These minorities, often primarily motivated to broaden their social acceptance, are likely to seek social change advocating for tolerance. Yet, the prevailing research on minority influence seems to have made it so. Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis. Web-pooled knowledge -diverse perspectives -others can challenge us to think deeper and more creatively group decision making (disadvantages) -individuals have group goals besides
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