View official tab. It didn't work, so he smoked a cigarette, which is when he realized his addictive personality could be a problem. !%D`v7m&n VXZ44[L0XVL,42+UL9x3x6Ik[0,Ygi2T#Yp`QOofV|6aw7,u5/oOpmj~ROeWu5Wy./v^7Ys|zX%~Z44ty}0 Wzz~[v[>nU=n5d0nV{agjOU/z+vm7?mr'9fY,'iLv=W[7H`/;A}" TR@X:C The song itself comes from a place that Blind Willie Johnson knew all too well: loneliness, pain, and sorrow. As for Voyager: not long after the probe had been launched, Steve Martin joked that a message had been received from another world: Send more Blind Willie Johnson., For more in the series, and podcasts with clips of the songs, ft.com/life-of-a-song, Message from space was Send more Chuck Berry / From Joel E Turner, Blind Willie Johnsons ethereal tune was among a collection of music encoded in a disc attached to Voyager 1, The Life of a Song: Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground, The Big Dig: Germany reopens its mines in quest for mineral self-sufficiency, Long-lived rivals: actuaries say Biden and Trump are not too old for office, Singapore deepens US defence ties despite Chinese financial inflows, Inflations legacy hits European households even as price growth ebbs, EU law to restore nature stokes debate that jobs will go to China, Charlie Munger: US banks are full of bad commercial property loans, JPMorgan to acquire First Republics deposits as US regulators step in, JPMorgan, Citizens and PNC submit bids for First Republic, Deutsche Bank plans to beef up investment bank advisory team, Mercedes-Benz chief says cutting China ties would be unthinkable, Investors bet on shrinking pool of tech stocks as rally narrows, Totals chief tells investors European listing to blame for oil groups trading discount, Building society chief warns deposit-scheme reform will hit lending, FirstFT: The second-biggest bank failure in US history, China, America and why not all growth is equal, A gruesome episode tells a painful story about corporate Japan, The costs of entrenched high inflation cannot be ignored, Labour has leverage to carry out private equity tax reform, Inside the elite British college for the worlds best nannies, In Kolkata, Indias new bankruptcy law is put to the test. It's also floating through outer space (literally). We have an official Dark Was The Night Cold Was The Ground tab made by UG professional guitarists.Check out the tab . This company sells your internet traffic to other people, meaning that other people can use your IP address and can break some of the above rules, causing you to be blocked from this site. on the Internet. analyse how our Sites are used. What the hell, email me and I'll send you a copy of it. "Father, remove this bitter cup, If such Thy sacred will; If not, content to drink it up. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. hb```rd 90_L@LVhp sB:AJ@83nalafd`4gd8a7:n =c`L}e` +$ The heavy load He bore for thee; If you are using a VPN, and other users of the same VPN are abusing the service, then you'll be automatically blocked as well. Songs where something goes horribly wrong (literally or metaphorically), and help is needed right away. " Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground " [note 1] is a gospel blues song written and performed by American musician Blind Willie Johnson and recorded in 1927. The prevalence of racism and homophobia only make the problem worse. Dark was the night, and cold the ground On which the Lord was laid; His sweat like drops of blood ran down; In agony he prayed. The Voyager Golden Record includes recordings of frogs, crickets, volcanoes, a human heartbeat, laughter, greetings in 55 languages, and 27 pieces of music. The 10 biggest "retirement tours" that didn't take. Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground, adapted from an 18th-century hymn, is wordless, consisting only of Johnsons slide guitar and his resonant, gospelly, moaning hum. Hurwitt, Elliot (2008). Born in 1897, Johnson taught himself how to play guitar and dedicated his life to blues and gospel music, playing for people on street corners and in mission halls. It's very possible the song is in the public domain but the specific recording you want is not. But theres also an odd little tune on the disc, recorded in 1927 by a Texan preacher and street-corner blues singer, Blind Willie Johnson. I found a some interesting quotes about the song: Ry Cooder has infamously termed this song "the most soulful, transcendent piece of American music recorded in the 20th Century," and it's hard to argue. Your computer may be infected with malware or spyware that makes automated requests to our server and causes problems. "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" was chosen as the human expression of loneliness. personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to Dark was the night, and cold the ground And when temptations press thee near, Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, thus increasing the risk for all. In agony he prayed. Our automated blocking policies are imperfect and sometimes too strict, and some IP addresses are blocked by accident. [15] The Wire included the song in their 1998 list of "100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening)". And when temptations press thee near, The song was picked by Sagan, who said it concerns a situation Johnson and humanity faced many times: Nightfall with no place to sleep. 2 "Father, remove this bitter cup, If such Thy sacred will; If not, content to drink it up Thy pleasure I fulfill." 3 Go the the garden, sinner, see Those precious drops that flow; The heavy load He bore for thee; "Jack the Ripper", "The Great Depression: Music from the Era", "Times Is Hard (So I'm Savin' for a Rainy Day) The Year 1930 Pt. A day in the lives of residents of a small Southern town as they come face to face with the hidden HIV epidemic in their community. Dark Was The Night, Cold Was The Ground. She reinstates the words to the hymn, written in 1792 by English clergyman Thomas Haweis; its haunting. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. For thee he lies so low. He played bottleneck slide guitar in open D tuning on the recording. A highly regarded figure within the burgeoning New York folk scene, Davis gave copies of Johnson's records to young musicians and taught them to play his songs. There are no reviews yet. 1 Dark was the night, and cold the ground On which the Lord was laid; His sweat like drops of blood ran down; In agony He prayed. Dark was the night, and cold the ground On which the Lord was laid; His sweat like drops of blood ran down; In agony he prayed. Be the first one to, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, blues, night, drink, noche, bebida, amor, love, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). NHS services across England will face major disruption throughout today as nurses walk out in a 28-hour strike over pay. After flying past Jupiter and Saturn, in 2012 it became the first man-made object to reach interstellar space (although according to some scientists it is still in the solar system, as it has yet to pass through the Oort Cloud, which will take another 14,000-28,000 years). Make sure your selection IF YOU DON'T KNOW ABOUT THIS SONG, AND LIKE THE BLUES -FIND THIS SONG!! v,Z/ux'`YgxLCm:>EkAMK'V6`?s _ @a#;FpGL C"Z|(~Blq8t/|P0$]=$BWZO_)Wc7\|qQM[MVmVnR\>`9]ikHJp 18!>l`7c^xu&)e4pdF& m.c{wK5=lwS~u7 -.VNh(_C[SDzJ\TMRmfvyg H` "Holy Blues: The Gospel Tradition". Thy Father's will obey; endstream endobj 80 0 obj <>/Metadata 12 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 77 0 R/StructTreeRoot 18 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 81 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 82 0 obj <>stream Thy pleasure I fulfill." %%EOF LhJR 43JIT&X%d? This song still resonates with me to this day. Johnson recorded 30 songs for them at five sessions between 1927 and 1930. When "When I Think of You" hit #1, Janet and Michael Jackson became the first siblings with chart topping solo hits in the United States. "Dark Was the Night" is an otherworldly performance of gorgeously spun slide lines and Johnson's wordless moaning, aimed straight at the heart. You might have a buggy browser extension installed. The prevalence of racism and homophobia only make the problem worse. It has the distinction of being one of 27 samples of music included on the Voyager Golden Record, launched into space in 1977 to represent the diversity of life on Earth. Recorded in 1927, the instrumental Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground is unlike any of his other songs and unlike any other song on this earth. in Cohn, Lawrence. The song has been highly praised and covered by numerous musicians and is featured on the soundtracks of several films. "Father, remove this bitter cup, If such Thy sacred will; If not, content to drink it up Thy pleasure I fulfill." Go to the garden, sinner, see Those precious drops that flow; The heavy load He bore for thee; 0 Read More Track Listing blue highlight denotes track pick The prevalence of racism and homophobia only make the p A day in the lives of residents of a small Southern town as they come face to face with the hidden HIV epidemic in their community. Awake to watch and pray. "Dark was the Night," his meditation on the inadequacy of language to express emotion represents our message of what it means to be human--still drifting through the heavens--which may just outlive us all. Humphrey, Mark (1993). Javier Monedero Trtola, Uploaded by 1998 Preview Song Time If I Had My Way I'd Tear the Building Down 1 3:07 PREVIEW Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground 2 3:18 PREVIEW Lord, I Just Can't Keep from Crying 3 3:00 PREVIEW Church, I'm Fully Saved Today 4 3:06 PREVIEW Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed 5 3:10 PREVIEW A trio of eighteen year olds may hold the key to breaking the cycle. You might be using a VPN. Those precious drops that flow; Well send you a myFT Daily Digest email rounding up the latest Life & Arts news every morning. The crackliness of the recording only adds to its sense of remoteness. Dan Tyminski, the singer on Avicii's "Hey Brother" is the same guy who sang lead vocal on "A Man Of Constant Sorrow" in the movie O Brother, Where Art Thou. Cookie Notice It has the distinction of being one of 27 samples of music included on the Voyager Golden Record, launched into space in 1977 to represent the diversity of life on Earth. We use Dark was the night, cold was the ground. When the Voyager 1 probe was launched on September 5 1977, a gold-plated 12-inch phonograph disc was attached to it, encoded with messages from humanity, greetings in 55 languages, animal calls, tribal songs and music, as well as encrypted photographs, for the benefit of any civilisations that might eventually encounter the craft. Gethsemane was the garden where Jesus prayed on the eve of his Crucifixion, and the song tells that story with lyrics: In addition to the sorrowful vocals, the song's power also comes from Johnson's innovative guitar style. Di Perna, Alan (August 2007). endstream endobj 83 0 obj <>stream You might have the Ghostery extension installed. "Father, remove this bitter cup, Our terms of service forbid this. A day in the lives of residents of a small Southern town as they come face to face with the hidden HIV epidemic in their community. "Dark Was The Night - Cold Was The Ground" is hauntingly beautiful, and definitely is not something that you would naturally expect from a 20's blues single. The title is derived from the Blind Willie Johnson song "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", which is covered on this collection by the Kronos Quartet . (Required), You can request being unblocked by clicking. We cannot do much about this right now; you must turn off your VPN to continue using the site. He asked for a 3-step head start. Dark Was The Night, Cold Was The Ground by Blind Willie Johnson Album: The Complete Blind Willie Johnson ( 1927) License This Song Songfacts: This song of wordless sorrow is embedded in the marrow of American history. Sign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendations. And now, as it speeds silently through space, the planets are aligning favourably for the song, and for Johnson himself. "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" was included, according to Timothy Ferris, because "Johnson's song concerns a situation he faced many times: nightfall with no place to sleep. Ronnie Van Zant wrote the Lynyrd Skynyrd classic "Gimme Three Steps" after making the mistake of dancing with a girl whose boyfriend was in the bar and probably had a gun. Subject: Lyr Add: DARK WAS THE NIGHT (Thomas Haweis) From: Joe Offer Date: 24 Apr 09 - 02:01 AM There's a YouTube video of Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground. Blind Willie Johnson moaning over that particularly morose guitar arrangement genuinely makes for one of the most memorable pieces of recorded music I have ever heard. The masses of orange-clad D-Class subjects in their ward were similarly freed. Credits Daniel MT (faltantornillos.net) Javier Monedero Trtola Contact Information Daniel MT (faltantornillos.net) Addeddate If such Thy sacred will; My favorite song. An annotation cannot contain another annotation. If such Thy sacred will; Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground: Directed by Caroline Stephenson. Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground - Blind Willie Johnson, DarkWasTheNightColdWasTheGround-BlindWillieJohnson, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night,_Cold_Was_the_Ground, Anthony Venutolo (Bukowski's Basement), Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). You could have been blocked by mistake. Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, thus increasing the risk for all. Awake to watch and pray.Source: African Methodist Episcopal Church Hymnal #151, African Methodist Episcopal Church Hymnal (2011), p.158, I'll Praise My Maker - Three Hymn Settin, African Methodist Episcopal Church Hymnal #151, All tunes published with 'Dark Was the Night', I'll Praise My Maker - Three Hymn Settings for Organ. Note that whitelisting RYM will. By most accounts, Johnson substituted a knife or penknife for the bottleneck. 97 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1B130C66B9530B449F04CF405094218D>]/Index[79 32]/Info 78 0 R/Length 88/Prev 91874/Root 80 0 R/Size 111/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Thy pleasure I fulfill.". If you don't think you've done anything to warrant a block, this is most likely the case. 1 contributor total, last edit on Oct 05, 2016. Search the history of over 806 billion web pages [1], The song's title is borrowed from a hymn that was popular in the nineteenth century American South with fasola singers. It is often called "Dark Was the Night" or punctuated as "Dark Was the Night (Cold Was the Ground)". and other data for a number of reasons, such as keeping FT Sites reliable and secure, Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. @-1bx,U-+Lr"{^VR^2dd6B el0A:@~$6R}-4\U7j1)ZPA7I[MET$[+&RQ; 0G'`_Zxb[i"?r/ These lengths of yellow pine were crafted by a luthier into 10 cigar-box (ie rectangular) guitars, which were sold to raise more funds. Among Blind Willie Johnson's 30 recordings of blues/gospel songs with fire and brimstone intensity is one song which stands alone as singular and haunting. The prevalence of racism and homophobia only make the p Read allA day in the lives of residents of a small Southern town as they come face to face with the hidden HIV epidemic in their community. Slide virtuoso Ry Cooder recorded an exquisite instrumental version in 1970; it later formed the basis of his theme tune for the 1984 film Paris, Texas. I want to use the song "Dark was the Night, Cold was The Ground" by Blind Willie Johnson, It was originally recorded in 1929. This is just a preview! Daniel MT (faltantornillos.net) Anthony Venutolo (Bukowski's Basement) If not, content to drink it up "[18] Wim Wenders, the director of Paris, Texas, included Blind Willie Johnson's music and life in his 2003 documentary The Soul of a Man, produced for the PBS series "The Blues". 3Py}XCS^2f. Jack White, formerly of The White Stripes, has said that it is the greatest example of slide guitar ever recorded. The song is primarily an instrumental featuring Johnson's self-taught bottleneck slide guitar and picking style accompanied by his vocalizations of humming and moaning. "[16], Dark was the Night, Cold was the Ground was used on the Oscar-nominated soundtrack to Pier Paolo Pasolini's classic film, The Gospel According to St Matthew, in scenes where Judas Iscariot laments betraying Christ and a cripple asks to be healed. A trio of eighteen year olds may hold the key to breaking the cycle. web pages The choices he and his colleagues made included the usual suspects Bach, Beethoven, Mozart. [2][3][4], "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" is 3 minutes and 21 seconds of Johnson's unique guitar playing in open D tuning for slide. 110 0 obj <>stream Gethsemane, written by English clergyman Thomas Haweis in 1792, begins with the lines Dark was the night, cold was the ground / on which my Lord was laid.[2] Music historian Mark Humphrey describes Johnson's composition as an impressionistic rendition of lining out, a call-and-response style of singing hymns that is common in southern African-American churches. Public Enemies Soundtrack-Dark Was The Night Cold Was The Ground Cari CariAnaana Bohemian ViennaReleased on: 2018-11-02Producer: Cari CariProducer: . Most times if you want to use a track in the public domain you'll need to re-create it. hbbd``b`${@D`=$X3;H1uD\@b 7HqA\- qNb`bdd100Ag X . Led Zeppelin recorded a thunderous version of his Its Nobodys Fault But Mine, although they failed to credit him. Helpfully, a stylus and diagrammatic instructions were included to assist with playback. Blind Willie Johnson - Dark Was The Night Cold Was The Ground Jazz Everyday! Then learn of Him the cross to bear; [9] A compilation album titled Dark Was the Night was released in 2009 by the Red Hot Organization, a charity that raises awareness of HIV and AIDS issues through music. [10] The song "Excavating Rita" by Half Man Half Biscuit on their 2011 album 90 Bisodol (Crimond) quotes the song's title. in Evans, David. Johnson, who made 30 commercial recordings, died in poverty after his house burnt down in 1945, and received little recognition for his music in his lifetime. The Soul Stirrers, Staples Singers, Buffy Sainte-Marie and Peter, Paul & Mary all covered Johnson. on the Internet. I see it as a . For thee He lies so low. This extension has a feature called 'The Human Web' that silently re-downloads all the pages you've recently visited in your browser in the background to collect data, which causes you to be blocked. Uploaded by On the album, Dark Was the Night is sung by Rickie Lee Jones. "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", adapted from an 18th-century hymn, is wordless, consisting only of Johnson's slide guitar and his resonant, gospelly, moaning hum. 3 Go the the garden, sinner, see [19], In 1977, Carl Sagan and other researchers collected sounds and images from planet Earth to send on Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. We hope to eventually work on a solution for this when we have the resources to do so. I want to use the song "Dark was the Night, Cold was The Ground" by Blind Willie Johnson, It was originally recorded in 1929. . "Dark Was The Night" borrows its structure from "Gethsemane," an English hymn from the 18th century. Is there a place that lists domain status? "66"/,~> ! In 1977, this song was one of 27 included on the, Goodbye, Hello: Ten Farewell Tour Fake-Outs, Sending Out An SOS - Distress Signals In Songs. Sound isn't included as it still isn't under the public domain. Did you install a browser extension that helps you download YouTube videos or other content? [5] His melancholy, gravel-throated humming of the guitar part creates the impression of "unison moaning", a melodic style common in Baptist churches where, instead of harmonizing, a choir hums or sings the same vocal part, albeit with slight variations among its members. His sweat like drops of blood ran down; Laws be damned! [17] Ry Cooder based his soundtrack to the Palme d'Or-winning film, Paris, Texas on "Dark was the Night, Cold was the Ground", which he has described as "the most soulful, transcendent piece in all American music. Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, Read allA day in the lives of residents of a small Southern town as they come face to face with the hidden HIV epidemic in their community. Moby says that "We Are All Made Of Stars" is scientifically accurate, since all matter originates from stardust. Among those on the committee who chose the music for the disc was the cosmologist, astrophysicist and populariser of all things astronomical Carl Sagan (whose landmark 1980 TV series Cosmos was remade two years ago). Elton John's #1 hit "Island Girl" is about a prostitute. This song of wordless sorrow is embedded in the marrow of American history. John Carlin and Aaron Dessner approached Martin Mills and Richard Russell of Beggars Group with the idea for the album. The heavy load He bore for thee; PJp@#911 [SN@`Pe9fYLR|mNcdPbb$k8>? We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! [6] Although Johnson's vocals are indiscernible, several sources indicate the subject of the song is the crucifixion of Christ. You might have the Hola VPN extension installed. [7] In 1928, the influential blues critic Edward Abbe Niles championed Johnson in his column for The Bookman, praising his "violent, tortured, and abysmal shouts and groans, and his inspired guitar playing".[8]. For more information, please see our Since humans appeared on Earth, the shroud of night has yet to fall without touching a man or woman in the same plight."[20]. on February 24, 2010. "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground"[note 1] is a gospel-blues song written and performed by Blind Willie Johnson and recorded probably in 1927. Cannot annotate a non-flat selection. Tuning: D A D F# A D. Capo: no capo. [13] Francis Davis, author of The History of the Blues concurs, writing "In terms of its intensity aloneits spiritual achethere is nothing else from the period to compare to Johnson's 'Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground', on which his guitar takes the part of a preacher and his wordless voice the part of a rapt congregation. The prevalence of racism and homophobia only make the problem worse. Step 2 (optional): Enter any other comments/feedback here, Step 3: Enter your email address. Note: When you embed the widget in your site, it will match your site's styles (CSS). 79 0 obj <> endobj Daniel MT (faltantornillos.net) Language Spanish This is a videoclip inspired by the blind Willie Johnson recording 'Dark was the night, Cold was the ground'. Umpteen singers and bands have recorded his John the Revelator. You requested a very large number of pages in a very short time, causing problems for our server (this can happen if you hit 'refresh' over and over). 2 "Father, remove this bitter cup, If such Thy sacred will; If not, content to drink it up Thy pleasure I fulfill." 3 Go the the garden, sinner, see Those precious drops that flow; The heavy load He bore for thee; This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 08:10. The album, God Dont Never Change: The Songs of Blind Willie Johnson, has been an eight-year labour of love for its producer, Jeffrey Gaskill, a long-time Johnson devotee. See production, box office & company info. Ry Cooder once said Dark Was The Night--Cold Was The Ground was the most soulful, transcendent piece of American music recorded in the 20th Century. You (or someone with the same IP address as you) might be using a script or program to download pages from this site automatically. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. [5] In 1969, the English folk-rock band Fairport Convention released the album What We Did on Our Holidays which included a song inspired by "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" called "The Lord Is in this PlaceHow Dreadful Is this Place". Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, thus increasing the risk for all. The song is primarily an instrumental featuring Johnson's self-taught bottleneck slide guitar and picking style accompanied by his vocalizations of humming and moaning. Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, thus increasing the risk for all. %PDF-1.5 % starts and ends within the same node. In the years that followed, artists such as Eric Clapton and Bob Dylan covered his songs or, rather, his interpretations of traditional songs. Hello, I'm a film student and was wondering what the policy was concerning this song and acquiring the rights to use it in a short film? We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! hKo6 This week a tribute album (on Alligator Records) was released featuring artists such as Tom Waits, Derek Trucks and Maria McKee performing 11 of Johnsons songs. This is a videoclip inspired by the blind Willie Johnson recording 'Dark was the night, Cold was the ground'. The Kronos Quartet recorded an arrangement of "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" that appears on the album. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . A monthly update on our latest interviews, stories and added songs. [[Y*} Ny|+k>OAB(^T|mOs$yCQ7%P(BpxAx> \1m-gyY%^#dGL]!%PAsp`0wnGK:6L2FdS,Lj&uke]w_~=jU{ckq8 MTcZHl07RUikUU :f.his|\D. 62.4K subscribers Subscribe 3.8K 217K views 7 years ago Subscribe to Jazz Everyday http://bit.ly/1Ydc0dN Listen to. On which the Lord was laid; On which the Lord was laid; Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, A day in the lives of residents of a small Southern town as they come face to face with the hidden HIV epidemic in their community. Some are aware of their positive status, and some are not, thus increasing the risk for all. A popular contemporary folk singer, Williams still remembers the sticky note that changed her life in college. Because documentation is scarce in early recordings, the title of the song appears differently in many sources. Shane Ford is a multimedia artist who is passionate about the history of blues and gospel music. Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen (2003). Thy pleasure I fulfill." [12] In 2003, John Clarke in The Times wrote that "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" was "the most intense and startling blues record ever made". Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground - Blind Willie Johnson by Blind Willie Johnson Topics blind willie johnson, blues, old blues, delta, slide "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" [note 1] is a gospel-blues song written and performed by Blind Willie Johnson and recorded probably in 1927.

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